Voice Disorders

What are voice disorders?

You may have a voice disorder if you have a problem with pitch, volume, tone, and other qualities of your voice. These problems occur when your vocal cords don't move or vibrate normally.

Your voice is the sound that air makes when it is forced out of your lungs and passes between your vocal cords. Vocal cords are the 2 folds of tissue inside your voice box (larynx). The vibration of those cords is what makes your voice.

Voice disorders include:

Laryngitis

This is when your vocal cords swell. It makes the voice sound hoarse, or you may not be able to speak at all. Acute laryngitis happens suddenly. It is often caused by a virus in the upper respiratory tract. It often lasts just a few days to weeks. Treatment involves resting the voice and drinking plenty of fluids. Chronic laryngitis is when the swelling lasts for a long time. Common causes include a chronic cough, smoking, using inhalers for asthma, and GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). The treatment of chronic laryngitis depends on the cause.

Vocal cord paresis or paralysis

The vocal cords can be paralyzed or partly paralyzed (paresis). This can be caused by a viral infection that affects your vocal cord nerves, an injury to a nerve during surgery or when a breathing tube is placed in the throat, a stroke, or cancer. If one or both of your vocal cords are paralyzed in a nearly closed position, you may have noisy or difficult breathing. If they are paralyzed in an open position, you may have a weak, breathy voice. Some people will get better over time. In other cases, the paralysis is lifelong (permanent). Surgery and voice therapy may help improve the voice.

Spasmodic dysphonia

This is a nerve problem that causes the vocal cords to spasm. It can make the voice sound tight, quivery, jerky, hoarse, or groaning. At times, the voice may sound normal. Other times, the person may not be able to speak. Treatment may include speech therapy and shots (injections) of botulinum toxin in the vocal cords.

What causes voice disorders?

For a normal voice, your vocal cords need to touch together smoothly inside your larynx. Anything that interferes with vocal cord movement or contact can cause a voice disorder. Many voice disorders can be cured with treatment when diagnosed early.

Voice disorders can be caused by many factors. In some cases, the cause is not known. Possible causes can include:

• Growths. In some cases, extra tissue may form on the vocal cords. This stops the cords from working normally. The growths can include fluid-filled sacs called cysts, wartlike lumps called papilloma, or calluslike bumps called nodules. There may be patches of damaged tissue called lesions or areas of scar tissue. In some people, a band of tissue called a web can grow between the vocal cords. Other growths include a small area of chronic inflammation (granuloma) and small blisters called polyps. Growths can have many causes. These include illness, injury, cancer, and vocal abuse.

• Inflammation and swelling. Many things can cause vocal cord inflammation and swelling. These include surgery, respiratory illness or allergies, GERD, some medicines, exposure to certain chemicals, smoking, alcohol abuse, and vocal abuse.

• Nerve problems. Certain health conditions can affect the nerves that control the vocal cords. These can include multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington disease. Surgery or laryngitis can also harm nerves.

• Hormones. Disorders affecting thyroid hormone, female and male hormones, and growth hormones can cause voice disorders.

• Vocal abuse. The vocal cords can be stressed by using too much tension when speaking. This can cause problems in the throat muscles and affect the voice. Vocal abuse can also cause a voice disorder. Vocal abuse is anything that strains or harms the vocal cords. Examples include too much talking, shouting, or coughing. Smoking and constantly clearing the throat is also vocal abuse. Vocal abuse can cause the vocal cords to get nodules and polyps. These change how the voice sounds. In some cases, a vocal cord can break or burst from vocal abuse. This causes the cord to bleed (hemorrhage). You can lose your voice. Vocal cord bleeding must be treated right away.

What are the symptoms of a voice disorder?

If you have a voice disorder, your voice may sound:

• Quivering

• Rough or harsh

• Strained or choppy

• Weak, whispery, or breathy

• Too high or low or the pitch may change

You may have tension or pain in your throat while speaking, or feel like your voice box is tired. You may feel a lump in your throat when swallowing. Or you may feel pain when you touch the outside of your throat.

How are voice disorders diagnosed?

If you have a voice change that lasts for a few weeks, your healthcare provider may send you to see an ear, nose, and throat (ENT, or otolaryngologist) healthcare provider. This provider will ask you about your symptoms and how long you've had them. They may check your vocal cords and your larynx using certain tests. These may include:

• Laryngoscopy. This lets the provider view the throat. With indirect laryngoscopy, the provider holds a small mirror at the back of the throat and shines a light on it. With flexible laryngoscopy, a thin, lighted scope (laryngoscope) is put through your nose down into your throat. Another type of laryngoscope is rigid and can be placed into the mouth with an angled lens to see your vocal cords and throat structures. 

• Laryngeal EMG (electromyography). This test measures electrical activity in the throat muscles. A thin needle is put into some of the neck muscles. At the same time, electrodes send signals from the muscles to a computer. This can show nerve problems in the throat. 

• Stroboscopy. This test uses a strobe light and a video camera to see how the vocal cords are vibrating during speech.

• Imaging tests. CT and MRI can show growths or other tissue problems in the throat.

How are voice disorders treated?

Treatment for a voice disorder depends on what's causing it. Treatment may include:

• Lifestyle changes. Some of these changes may help reduce or stop symptoms. They can include not yelling or speaking loudly. And resting your voice often if you speak or sing a lot. If you smoke, quitting can also be helpful. Exercises to relax the vocal cords and muscles around them can help in some cases. Warm up your vocal cords before long periods of speaking. Drink fluids to stay hydrated.

• Speech therapy. Working with a speech-language pathologist can help with certain voice disorders. Therapy may include exercises and changes in speaking behaviors. Some of these may include timing deep breaths so that they power your speech with adequate breathing.

• Medicines. Some voice disorders are caused by a problem that can be treated with medicine. For instance, antacid medicine may be used for GERD. Or hormone therapy may be used for problems with the thyroid or female hormones.

• Injections. Your provider can treat muscle spasms in the throat with a shot of botulinum toxin. In some cases, they can inject fat or other fillers into the vocal cords. This can help them close better.

• Surgery. Your provider can remove some tissue growths. If cancer causes the growths, you may need other treatment. This may include radiation therapy.

Key points about voice disorders

• Voice disorders affect the ability to speak normally.

• These disorders can include laryngitis, paralyzed vocal cords, and a nerve problem that causes the vocal cords to spasm.

• Your voice may quiver, be hoarse, or sound strained or choppy. You may have pain or a lump in your throat when speaking.

• Your healthcare provider may send you to see an ear, nose, and throat (ENT, or otolaryngologist) healthcare provider. This provider may do certain tests, including imaging tests.

• Treatment for a voice disorder depends on what's causing it. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, speech therapy, medicine, shots (injections), and surgery.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.

• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.

• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.

• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.

• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.

• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.

• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.

• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.

• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions, especially after office hours and on weekends and holidays.